Qisqa mazmun

Mazkur maqolada formativ va summativ baholash tushunchalarining nazariy-metodologik mohiyati chuqur qiyosiy tahlil qilinadi. Ikki yondashuvning tarixiy kelib chiqishi, maqsad, vaqt, xavf darajasi va teskari aloqa mezonlari boְ‘yicha farqlari tizimlashtirilib, ularning o‘zaro bog‘liqligi va amaliy integratsiya imkoniyatlari yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda M.Skriven, P.Blek, D.Uilyam, D.Sadler, V.Harlen, M.Taras kabi olimlarning nazariy qarashlari tahlil qilinib, formativ va summativ baholashni bir-biriga qarama-qarshi qo‘yish o‘rniga, ularni yagona baholash tizimining ikki funksional qutbi sifatida ko‘rish zarurligi asoslanadi. Xulosa qilib aytilganda, samarali ta’lim tizimi ikki yondashuvni tizimli uyg‘unlashtirishga asoslanishi lozim.

Manbalar

1. 1. Bennett, R. E. Formative assessment: A critical review. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 2011, 5–25.
   2. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 1998, 139–148.
   3. Bloom B.S. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. New York: Longman, 1956, 34-98.
   4. Boud, D. Sustainable assessment: Rethinking assessment for the learning society. Studies in Continuing Education, 2000, 151–167.
   5. Harlen, W., & James, M. Assessment and learning: Differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 1997, 365–379.
   6. Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 2007, 81–112.
   7. Sadler, D. R. Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 1989, 119–144.
   8. Scriven, M. The methodology of evaluation. In R. W. Tyler, R. M. Gagné, & M. Scriven (Eds.), Perspectives of curriculum evaluation (AERA Monograph Series on Curriculum Evaluation, No. 1). Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967, 39-83.
   9. Taras, M. Assessment – summative and formative – some theoretical reflections. British Journal of Educational Studies, 2005, 466–478.
   10. Vygotsky, L. S. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978, 56-87.
   11. Wiliam, D. Embedded formative assessment. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press, 2011, 76-90.
   12. Wiliam, D., & Black, P. Meanings and consequences: A basis for distinguishing formative and summative functions of assessment? British Educational Research Journal, 1996, 537–548.

Maqoladagi kalit so‘zlar

formativ baholash, summativ baholash, pedagogik baholash, teskari aloqa, o‘quv jarayoni, baholash nazariyasi, ta’lim sifati